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Fatherland Defense Force
The Fatherland Defense Force ((リトアニア語:Tėvynės apsaugos rinktinė) or TAR) or Mäder Regiment ((ドイツ語:Kampfgruppe Mäder)) was a short-lived military unit hastily formed in northwestern Lithuania towards the end of World War II to combat approaching Soviet forces. Formed from local Lithuanians, the unit was directly subordinate to the Wehrmacht.〔 Their German commander was Hellmuth Mäder who was hoping to raise a division.〔 However, only two ill-equipped and ill-trained regiments were actually formed.〔 The total membership is estimated at 6,000 men. On October 7, TAR took defensive positions in Seda against the 19th Tank Corps of the 6th Guards Army.〔 TAR suffered heavy losses and retreated towards Klaipėda (Memel). In East Prussia, the remaining men were reassigned to various pioneer units.〔
==Formation==
As a result of the Operation Bagration, Soviet 1st Baltic Front reached eastern borders of Lithuania in summer 1944 and continued to push forward during the Baltic Offensive. In occupied territories, young men were forcibly mobilized into the Red Army. Lithuanians, having suffered the repressive Soviet occupation in 1940–41, began evacuating towards west and forming armed groups in Samogitia.〔 On July 28, 1944, Lithuanian officers met in the village of Pievėniai and discussed options for defending Lithuania: either join the Wehrmacht and fight openly or become partisans and wage a guerrilla war, a tactic chosen by the Lithuanian Freedom Army. The former option won by a narrow margin of votes〔 and these improvised units were organized into TAR, commanded by Captain Izidorius Jatulis.〔 The Lithuanians established contacts with Hellmuth Mäder, officer in the 9th Army, via Julijonas Steponavičius, priest and future Bishop of Vilnius. Mäder agreed to support the new unit and provide it with weapons and uniforms.〔
The staff headquarters were soon moved from Pievėniai to a school of agriculture in Plinkšės.〔 The 1st Lithuanian Volunteer Regiment, commanded by Major Alfonsas Urbonas, was formed during August 1944.〔 On August 26, it had two battalions and about 1,200 men, but only 47 officers.〔 The 2nd Lithuanian Volunteer Regiment, commanded by Polkovnik Lieutenant Mečys Kareiva, was formed during September 1944.〔 There were plans for the 3rd Regiment that would have included the remaining Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions and elevated TAR to the status of a division, but they were not realized.〔 In total, TAR had about 6,000 men.〔 TAR sorely lacked experienced officers: there were only 112 officers〔 and even fewer had relevant combat experience.〔 Five generals were present in the area and were asked to join TAR. One, Kazys Navakas, accepted but only as the head of the Provisions and Finance Department.〔 Povilas Plechavičius, just released from his arrest due to his command of the Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force, accepted the invitation on a condition that Germans would grant him full authority over TAR.〔 The Germans never replied and Plechavičius never joined TAR. Three other generals refused as they considered the effort to be futile and a waste of men's lives.〔〔 Majority of the men were enthusiastic but inexperienced 18- to 20-year-olds, including 17-year-old Valdas Adamkus, future President of Lithuania.〔 TAR also lacked weapons, radios, and other provisions.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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